# Console Module
| Since  | Origin / Contributor  | Maintainer  | Source  |
| :----- | :-------------------- | :---------- | :------ |
| 2024-10-22 | [jmattsson](https://github.com/jmattsson) | [jmattsson](https://github.com/jmattsson) | [console.c](../../components/modules/console.c)|

The `console` modules allows direct access to the system console. The system
console has typically been a UART, but by now several options are available
across the ESP32 range of SoCs, including UART, USB-Serial-JTAG and USB CDC-ACM.

By default the system console is linked up to provide an interactive Lua
shell (REPL — Read-Execute-Print Loop). It also provides a hook for listening
in on the data received on the console programatically, and the interactivity
may also be disabled (and re-enabled) programatically if so desired.

There is a helper script (`scripts/upload-file.py`) which can be used to
easily upload files to NodeMCU via this module. The script may also be used
as inspiration for integrating such functionality into IDEs.

## console.on()

Used to register or deregister a callback function to handle console events.

#### Syntax
`console.on(method, [number/end_char], [function])`

#### Parameters
- `method`. One of
    - "data" for bytes received on the console
    - "error" if an error condition is encountered on the console
- `number/end_char`. Only for event `data`.
    - if pass in a number n, the callback will called when n chars are received.
    - if n=0, will receive every char in buffer.
    - if pass in a one char string "c", the callback will called when "c" is encounterd, or max n=255 received.
- `function` callback function. 
    - event "data" has a callback like this: `function(data) end`
    - event "error" has a callback like this: `function(err) end`

To unregister the callback, specify `nil` as the function.

#### Returns
`nil`

#### Example
```lua
-- when 4 chars is received.
console.on("data", 4, function(data)
  print("received from console:", data)
  if data=="quit" then
    console.on("data", 0, nil)
  end
end)
-- when '\r' is received.
console.on("data", "\r", function(data)
  print("received from console:", data)
  if data=="quit\r" then
    console.on("data", 0, nil)
  end
end)

-- error handler
console.on("error", function(err)
  print("error on console:", err)
end)
```

## console.mode()

Controls the interactivity of the console.

#### Syntax
`console.mode(mode)`

#### Parameters
- `mode` One of
    - `console.INTERACTIVE` automatically pass console data to the Lua VM
      for execution. This is the default mode.
    - `console.NONINTERACTIVE` disables the automatic passing of console data
      to the Lua VM. The data only goes to the registered "data" callback,
      if any.

#### Returns
`nil`

#### Example
Implement a REL instead of the usual REPL
```lua
console.on("data", "\r", function(line) node.input(line.."\r\n") end)
console.mode(console.NONINTERACTIVE)
```

Receive potentially binary data on the console, and process it without letting
it reach the Lua interpreter.
```lua
-- Instantiate a stream handling function that processes a classic framing
-- protocol: <STX><escaped-data><ETX> where <escaped-data> has the
-- STX, ETX and DLE symbols escaped as <DLE><STX>, <DLE><ETX>, <DLE><DLE>.
-- The chunk_cb gets called incrementally with partial stream data which is
-- effectively unescaped. When the end of frame is encountered, the done_cb
-- gets invoked.
function transmission_receiver(chunk_cb, done_cb)
  local inframe = false
  local escaped = false
  local done = false
  local STX = 2
  local ETX = 3
  local DLE = 16
  local function dispatch(data, i, j)
    if (j - i) < 0 then return end
    chunk_cb(data:sub(i, j))
  end
  return function(data)
    if done then return end
    local from
    local to
    for i = 1, #data
    do
      local b = data:byte(i)
      if inframe
      then
        if not from then from = i end -- first valid byte
        if escaped
        then
          escaped = false
        else
          if b == DLE
          then
            escaped = true
            dispatch(data, from, i-1)
            from = nil
          elseif b == ETX
          then
            done = true
            to = i-1
            break
          end
        end
      else -- look for an (unescaped) STX to sync frame start
        if b == DLE then escaped = true
        elseif b == STX and not escaped then inframe = true
        else escaped = false
        end
      end
      -- else ignore byte outside of framing
    end
    if from then dispatch(data, from, to or #data) end
    if done then done_cb() end
  end
end

function print_hex(chunk)
  for i = 1, #chunk
  do
    print(string.format("%02x ", chunk:sub(i,i)))
  end
end

function resume_interactive()
  console.on("data", 0, nil)
  console.mode(console.INTERACTIVE)
end

-- The 0 may be adjusted upwards for improved efficiency, but be mindful to
-- always send enough data to reach the ETX marker.
console.on("data", 0, transmission_receiver(print_hex, resume_interactive))
console.mode(console.NONINTERACTIVE)
```

Example C program for encoding data suitable for the above.
```C
#include <stdio.h>

#define STX 0x02
#define ETX 0x03
#define DLE 0x10

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  putchar(STX);
  int ch;
  while ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
  {
    switch(ch)
    {
      case STX: case ETX: case DLE: putchar(DLE); break;
      default: break;
    }
    putchar(ch);
  }
  putchar(ETX);
  return 0;
}
```

## console.write()

Provides ability to write raw, unformatted data to the console.

#### Syntax
`console.write(str_or_num [, str2_or_num ...])`

#### Parameters
- `str_or_num` Either
    - A string to write to the console. May contain binary data.
    - A number representing the character code to write the console.
  Multiple parameters may be given, and they will be written in sequence.

#### Returns
`nil`

#### Example
Write "Hello world!\n" to the console, in a roundabout manner
```lua
console.write("Hello", 0x20, "world", 0x21, "\n")
```