Create root command via function

cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go

@@ -74,10 +74,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newBackupCommand())
-}
-
 // BackupOptions bundles all options for the backup command.
 type BackupOptions struct {
 	filter.ExcludePatternOptions

cmd/restic/cmd_cache.go

@@ -42,10 +42,6 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newCacheCommand())
-}
-
 // CacheOptions bundles all options for the snapshots command.
 type CacheOptions struct {
 	Cleanup bool

cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newCatCommand())
-}
-
 func validateCatArgs(args []string) error {
 	if len(args) < 1 {
 		return errors.Fatal("type not specified")

cmd/restic/cmd_check.go

@@ -67,10 +67,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newCheckCommand())
-}
-
 // CheckOptions bundles all options for the 'check' command.
 type CheckOptions struct {
 	ReadData       bool

cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go

@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newCopyCommand())
-}
-
 // CopyOptions bundles all options for the copy command.
 type CopyOptions struct {
 	secondaryRepoOptions

cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go

@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 )
 
+func registerDebugCommand(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		newDebugCommand(),
+	)
+}
+
 func newDebugCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:               "debug",
@@ -41,10 +47,6 @@ func newDebugCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newDebugCommand())
-}
-
 func newDebugDumpCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "dump [indexes|snapshots|all|packs]",

cmd/restic/cmd_debug_disabled.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//go:build !debug
+
+package main
+
+import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+func registerDebugCommand(_ *cobra.Command) {
+	// No commands to register in non-debug mode
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go

@@ -60,10 +60,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newDiffCommand())
-}
-
 // DiffOptions collects all options for the diff command.
 type DiffOptions struct {
 	ShowMetadata bool

cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go

@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newDumpCommand())
-}
-
 // DumpOptions collects all options for the dump command.
 type DumpOptions struct {
 	restic.SnapshotFilter

cmd/restic/cmd_features.go

@@ -57,7 +57,3 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newFeaturesCommand())
-}

cmd/restic/cmd_find.go

@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newFindCommand())
-}
-
 // FindOptions bundles all options for the find command.
 type FindOptions struct {
 	Oldest             string

cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go

@@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newForgetCommand())
-}
-
 type ForgetPolicyCount int
 
 var ErrNegativePolicyCount = errors.New("negative values not allowed, use 'unlimited' instead")

cmd/restic/cmd_generate.go

@@ -36,10 +36,6 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newGenerateCommand())
-}
-
 type generateOptions struct {
 	ManDir                   string
 	BashCompletionFile       string
@@ -56,7 +52,7 @@ func (opts *generateOptions) AddFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringVar(&opts.PowerShellCompletionFile, "powershell-completion", "", "write powershell completion `file` (`-` for stdout)")
 }
 
-func writeManpages(dir string) error {
+func writeManpages(root *cobra.Command, dir string) error {
 	// use a fixed date for the man pages so that generating them is deterministic
 	date, err := time.Parse("Jan 2006", "Jan 2017")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -71,7 +67,7 @@ func writeManpages(dir string) error {
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("writing man pages to directory %v\n", dir)
-	return doc.GenManTree(cmdRoot, header, dir)
+	return doc.GenManTree(root, header, dir)
 }
 
 func writeCompletion(filename string, shell string, generate func(w io.Writer) error) (err error) {
@@ -119,8 +115,10 @@ func runGenerate(opts generateOptions, args []string) error {
 		return errors.Fatal("the generate command expects no arguments, only options - please see `restic help generate` for usage and flags")
 	}
 
+	cmdRoot := newRootCommand()
+
 	if opts.ManDir != "" {
-		err := writeManpages(opts.ManDir)
+		err := writeManpages(cmdRoot, opts.ManDir)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

cmd/restic/cmd_init.go

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newInitCommand())
-}
-
 // InitOptions bundles all options for the init command.
 type InitOptions struct {
 	secondaryRepoOptions

cmd/restic/cmd_key.go

@@ -4,17 +4,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-var cmdKey = &cobra.Command{
+func newKeyCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	Use:   "key",
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-	Short: "Manage keys (passwords)",
+		Use:   "key",
-	Long: `
+		Short: "Manage keys (passwords)",
+		Long: `
 The "key" command allows you to set multiple access keys or passwords
 per repository.
 	`,
-	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
+		DisableAutoGenTag: true,
-	GroupID:           cmdGroupDefault,
+		GroupID:           cmdGroupDefault,
-}
+	}
 
-func init() {
+	cmd.AddCommand(
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdKey)
+		newKeyAddCommand(),
+		newKeyListCommand(),
+		newKeyPasswdCommand(),
+		newKeyRemoveCommand(),
+	)
+	return cmd
 }

cmd/restic/cmd_key_add.go

@@ -52,10 +52,6 @@ func (opts *KeyAddOptions) Add(flags *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	flags.StringVarP(&opts.Hostname, "host", "", "", "the hostname for new key")
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdKey.AddCommand(newKeyAddCommand())
-}
-
 func runKeyAdd(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions, opts KeyAddOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) > 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("the key add command expects no arguments, only options - please see `restic help key add` for usage and flags")

cmd/restic/cmd_key_list.go

@@ -38,10 +38,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdKey.AddCommand(newKeyListCommand())
-}
-
 func runKeyList(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) > 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("the key list command expects no arguments, only options - please see `restic help key list` for usage and flags")

cmd/restic/cmd_key_passwd.go

@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdKey.AddCommand(newKeyPasswdCommand())
-}
-
 type KeyPasswdOptions struct {
 	KeyAddOptions
 }

cmd/restic/cmd_key_remove.go

@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdKey.AddCommand(newKeyRemoveCommand())
-}
-
 func runKeyRemove(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("key remove expects one argument as the key id")

cmd/restic/cmd_list.go

@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newListCommand())
-}
-
 func runList(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.Fatal("type not specified")

cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go

@@ -66,10 +66,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newLsCommand())
-}
-
 // LsOptions collects all options for the ls command.
 type LsOptions struct {
 	ListLong bool

cmd/restic/cmd_migrate.go

@@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newMigrateCommand())
-}
-
 // MigrateOptions bundles all options for the 'check' command.
 type MigrateOptions struct {
 	Force bool

cmd/restic/cmd_mount.go

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/anacrolix/fuse/fs"
 )
 
+func registerMountCommand(cmdRoot *cobra.Command) {
+	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newMountCommand())
+}
+
 func newMountCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	var opts MountOptions
 
@@ -84,10 +88,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newMountCommand())
-}
-
 // MountOptions collects all options for the mount command.
 type MountOptions struct {
 	OwnerRoot            bool

cmd/restic/cmd_mount_disabled.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !freebsd && !linux
+// +build !darwin,!freebsd,!linux
+
+package main
+
+import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+func registerMountCommand(_ *cobra.Command) {
+	// Mount command not supported on these platforms
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_options.go

@@ -38,7 +38,3 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	}
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newOptionsCommand())
-}

cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go

@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newPruneCommand())
-}
-
 // PruneOptions collects all options for the cleanup command.
 type PruneOptions struct {
 	DryRun                bool

cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go

@@ -38,10 +38,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newRecoverCommand())
-}
-
 func runRecover(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 	hostname, err := os.Hostname()
 	if err != nil {

cmd/restic/cmd_repair.go

@@ -4,13 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-var cmdRepair = &cobra.Command{
+func newRepairCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	Use:               "repair",
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-	Short:             "Repair the repository",
+		Use:               "repair",
-	GroupID:           cmdGroupDefault,
+		Short:             "Repair the repository",
-	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
+		GroupID:           cmdGroupDefault,
-}
+		DisableAutoGenTag: true,
+	}
 
-func init() {
+	cmd.AddCommand(
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdRepair)
+		newRepairIndexCommand(),
+		newRepairPacksCommand(),
+		newRepairSnapshotsCommand(),
+	)
+	return cmd
 }

cmd/restic/cmd_repair_index.go

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRepair.AddCommand(newRepairIndexCommand())
-}
-
 // RepairIndexOptions collects all options for the repair index command.
 type RepairIndexOptions struct {
 	ReadAllPacks bool
@@ -76,11 +72,6 @@ func newRebuildIndexCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	// add alias for old name
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newRebuildIndexCommand())
-}
-
 func runRebuildIndex(ctx context.Context, opts RepairIndexOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Terminal) error {
 	ctx, repo, unlock, err := openWithExclusiveLock(ctx, gopts, false)
 	if err != nil {

cmd/restic/cmd_repair_packs.go

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRepair.AddCommand(newRepairPacksCommand())
-}
-
 func runRepairPacks(ctx context.Context, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Terminal, args []string) error {
 	ids := restic.NewIDSet()
 	for _, arg := range args {

cmd/restic/cmd_repair_snapshots.go

@@ -57,10 +57,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRepair.AddCommand(newRepairSnapshotsCommand())
-}
-
 // RepairOptions collects all options for the repair command.
 type RepairOptions struct {
 	DryRun bool

cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go

@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newRestoreCommand())
-}
-
 // RestoreOptions collects all options for the restore command.
 type RestoreOptions struct {
 	filter.ExcludePatternOptions

cmd/restic/cmd_rewrite.go

@@ -66,10 +66,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newRewriteCommand())
-}
-
 type snapshotMetadata struct {
 	Hostname string
 	Time     *time.Time

cmd/restic/cmd_self_update.go

@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
+func registerSelfUpdateCommand(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		newSelfUpdateCommand(),
+	)
+}
+
 func newSelfUpdateCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	var opts SelfUpdateOptions
 
@@ -44,10 +50,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newSelfUpdateCommand())
-}
-
 // SelfUpdateOptions collects all options for the update-restic command.
 type SelfUpdateOptions struct {
 	Output string

cmd/restic/cmd_self_update_disabled.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//go:build !selfupdate
+
+package main
+
+import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+func registerSelfUpdateCommand(_ *cobra.Command) {
+	// No commands to register in non-selfupdate mode
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go

@@ -44,10 +44,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newSnapshotsCommand())
-}
-
 // SnapshotOptions bundles all options for the snapshots command.
 type SnapshotOptions struct {
 	restic.SnapshotFilter

cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go

@@ -73,10 +73,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newStatsCommand())
-}
-
 // StatsOptions collects all options for the stats command.
 type StatsOptions struct {
 	// the mode of counting to perform (see consts for available modes)

cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go

@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@ Exit status is 12 if the password is incorrect.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newTagCommand())
-}
-
 // TagOptions bundles all options for the 'tag' command.
 type TagOptions struct {
 	restic.SnapshotFilter

cmd/restic/cmd_unlock.go

@@ -33,10 +33,6 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newUnlockCommand())
-}
-
 // UnlockOptions collects all options for the unlock command.
 type UnlockOptions struct {
 	RemoveAll bool

cmd/restic/cmd_version.go

@@ -55,7 +55,3 @@ Exit status is 1 if there was any error.
 	}
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(newVersionCommand())
-}

cmd/restic/flags_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 // TestFlags checks for double defined flags, the commands will panic on
 // ParseFlags() when a shorthand flag is defined twice.
 func TestFlags(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, cmd := range cmdRoot.Commands() {
+	for _, cmd := range newRootCommand().Commands() {
 		t.Run(cmd.Name(), func(t *testing.T) {
 			cmd.Flags().SetOutput(io.Discard)
 			err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--help"})

cmd/restic/global_release.go

@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ package main
 
 import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-func registerProfiling(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+func registerProfiling(_ *cobra.Command) {
 	// No profiling in release mode
 }

cmd/restic/main.go

@@ -29,60 +29,60 @@ func init() {
 
 var ErrOK = errors.New("ok")
 
-// cmdRoot is the base command when no other command has been specified.
+var cmdGroupDefault = "default"
-var cmdRoot = &cobra.Command{
+var cmdGroupAdvanced = "advanced"
-	Use:   "restic",
+
-	Short: "Backup and restore files",
+func newRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	Long: `
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "restic",
+		Short: "Backup and restore files",
+		Long: `
 restic is a backup program which allows saving multiple revisions of files and
 directories in an encrypted repository stored on different backends.
 
 The full documentation can be found at https://restic.readthedocs.io/ .
 `,
-	SilenceErrors:     true,
+		SilenceErrors:     true,
-	SilenceUsage:      true,
+		SilenceUsage:      true,
-	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
+		DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 
-	PersistentPreRunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+		PersistentPreRunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
-		// set verbosity, default is one
+			// set verbosity, default is one
-		globalOptions.verbosity = 1
+			globalOptions.verbosity = 1
-		if globalOptions.Quiet && globalOptions.Verbose > 0 {
+			if globalOptions.Quiet && globalOptions.Verbose > 0 {
-			return errors.Fatal("--quiet and --verbose cannot be specified at the same time")
+				return errors.Fatal("--quiet and --verbose cannot be specified at the same time")
-		}
+			}
 
-		switch {
+			switch {
-		case globalOptions.Verbose >= 2:
+			case globalOptions.Verbose >= 2:
-			globalOptions.verbosity = 3
+				globalOptions.verbosity = 3
-		case globalOptions.Verbose > 0:
+			case globalOptions.Verbose > 0:
-			globalOptions.verbosity = 2
+				globalOptions.verbosity = 2
-		case globalOptions.Quiet:
+			case globalOptions.Quiet:
-			globalOptions.verbosity = 0
+				globalOptions.verbosity = 0
-		}
+			}
+
+			// parse extended options
+			opts, err := options.Parse(globalOptions.Options)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			globalOptions.extended = opts
+			if !needsPassword(c.Name()) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			pwd, err := resolvePassword(globalOptions, "RESTIC_PASSWORD")
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Resolving password failed: %v\n", err)
+				Exit(1)
+			}
+			globalOptions.password = pwd
 
-		// parse extended options
-		opts, err := options.Parse(globalOptions.Options)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		globalOptions.extended = opts
-		if !needsPassword(c.Name()) {
 			return nil
-		}
+		},
-		pwd, err := resolvePassword(globalOptions, "RESTIC_PASSWORD")
+	}
-		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Resolving password failed: %v\n", err)
-			Exit(1)
-		}
-		globalOptions.password = pwd
-		return nil
-	},
-}
 
-var cmdGroupDefault = "default"
+	cmd.AddGroup(
-var cmdGroupAdvanced = "advanced"
-
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddGroup(
 		&cobra.Group{
 			ID:    cmdGroupDefault,
 			Title: "Available Commands:",
@@ -93,12 +93,48 @@ func init() {
 		},
 	)
 
-	globalOptions.AddFlags(cmdRoot.PersistentFlags())
+	globalOptions.AddFlags(cmd.PersistentFlags())
 
 	// Use our "generate" command instead of the cobra provided "completion" command
-	cmdRoot.CompletionOptions.DisableDefaultCmd = true
+	cmd.CompletionOptions.DisableDefaultCmd = true
 
-	registerProfiling(cmdRoot)
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		newBackupCommand(),
+		newCacheCommand(),
+		newCatCommand(),
+		newCheckCommand(),
+		newCopyCommand(),
+		newDiffCommand(),
+		newDumpCommand(),
+		newFeaturesCommand(),
+		newFindCommand(),
+		newForgetCommand(),
+		newGenerateCommand(),
+		newInitCommand(),
+		newKeyCommand(),
+		newListCommand(),
+		newLsCommand(),
+		newMigrateCommand(),
+		newOptionsCommand(),
+		newPruneCommand(),
+		newRebuildIndexCommand(),
+		newRecoverCommand(),
+		newRepairCommand(),
+		newRestoreCommand(),
+		newRewriteCommand(),
+		newSnapshotsCommand(),
+		newStatsCommand(),
+		newTagCommand(),
+		newUnlockCommand(),
+		newVersionCommand(),
+	)
+
+	registerDebugCommand(cmd)
+	registerMountCommand(cmd)
+	registerSelfUpdateCommand(cmd)
+	registerProfiling(cmd)
+
+	return cmd
 }
 
 // Distinguish commands that need the password from those that work without,
@@ -165,7 +201,7 @@ func main() {
 		version, runtime.Version(), runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
 
 	ctx := createGlobalContext()
-	err = cmdRoot.ExecuteContext(ctx)
+	err = newRootCommand().ExecuteContext(ctx)
 
 	if err == nil {
 		err = ctx.Err()